v+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)
形式
完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.
he didn’t mention having met me.
i regret not having taken her advice.
在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.
excuse me for coming late.
i don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.
现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.
having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.
the guests having left, they resumed their discussion.
the children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.
被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.
his being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
he couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.
但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.
my pen needs filling.
the point deserves mentioning.
this problem requires studying with great care.
在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.
her method is worth trying.
现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.
this is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.
you’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.
these are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.
完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.
i don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.
现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.
having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
the decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.
all the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.
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